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weathering

(c) Rachaimer
sandstone sculpture
Strasbourg Cathedral

The red Vosges sandstone (Main Buntsandstein) is strongly affected by weathering. Particularly acidic flue gases (sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides), salts, organic acids, but also make carbon dioxide to create the porous sandstone. With acids and salts laden rain water penetrates into the sandstone and destroyed the one hand, the binder, on the other hand, it leads to capillary migration of salt solutions to the outside when the stone dries. Evaporates the water remains behind the salts, which may cause the crystallization to blow up the rock.
added In the example shown here, lost the sandstone inside its strength by the destruction of the iron-containing binder, but except of a crust has formed, which is partially detached. Brown patina on the statue is due to dirt and iron oxide Hydra Tabla Gerung.

Literature:
D IETMAR R sheering :
stone customer
An introduction for engineers, architects, preservationists and stonemasons
Enke Verlag Stuttgart 1991

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Vanadinite

(c) Rachaimer
Vanadinite
Morocco
collection georolf

Vanadinite is a chloride-containing Pb Bleivanadat 5 [Cl / (VO 4 ) 3]. Additions of phosphorus and arsenic are also possible.

mineral yellow, brown, orange, white line, almost opaque, diamond and greasy, H 3, D 6.7 -7.1.
Occurrence: oxidation zone of lead / zinc deposits, especially in the limestone. Important Vanadium ores.

Literature:
HJ R ÖSLER : Textbook of Mineralogy
VEB German publisher for basic industries
first Ed Leipzig 1979

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Ätzwannen

(c) Rachaimer
Ätzwannen and carts
Haute Provence 1990

These are forms of corrosion on the bare chalk. The storm water run off has the bare rock surface is etched and gutter carts (First carts) was formed. In addition, the rocks were literally etched wells of several dm size. In these wells has been caught in places, pine litter.
carts caused by dissolution of limestone (karst) and are among the primary karst forms. The process of karstification is because the limestone by carbon (IV) oxide-rich water into the ten times more soluble calcium bicarbonate is converted.

Literature:

H Erbert L OUIS
General geomorphology
textbook of general geography
vol.1 third On. Berlin 1968

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Dactylioceraten and carts of the Lower Toarcian oil shale

(c) Rachaimer
Dactylioceras sp.
Unteres Toarcium
Dotternhausen 1975
Sammlung georolf

(c) Rachaimer
Dactylioceras sp.
Unteres Toarcium
Schlaifhausen (Franken)
Sammlung georolf

(c) Rachaimer
Dactylioceras sp.
Unteres Toarcium
Dotternhausen
Schrägeinbettung
Sammlung georolf

(c) Rachaimer
Dactylioceras sp
Lower Toarcian
Dotternhausen
food residue collection

an important and key in the Lower Toarcian ammonites georolf genus is the genus Dactylioceras . It even speaks of Dactylioceratenschichten.

The top image shows such ammonites, as occurs normally in the feinlaminierten, bituminous Tonmergelfazies the Lower Toarcian. The ammonite is - has been embedded - lying flat on the sediment. When compaction and dewatering of the original clay slurry which took place in the course of diagenesis, the volume to about 5% of the original volume was compressed. The case is therefore completely flattened and dissolved away the calcareous shell. It is only a thin skin of Conchyolin and pyrite obtained.

In the second image of a physically intact Dactylioceras Franken is shown. It is in the rock around a Schaumkalk. The fossils are preserved as casts.

The condition is so heavily dependent on the nature of the sediment in which the fossil is embedded.

In the third image is the front for the "oil shale" of the Lower Toarcian typical condition. The embedding location is very unusual: The ammonite and declining to the sea bed diagonally in the sediment stuck and was so embedded. Due to the compaction of the case has been strongly sheared.

Im vierten Bild ist die Schale eines Dactylioceraten stückweise eingelagert. Es handelt sich um einen Fraßrest: Ein Fisch oder Saurier hat einen Dactylioceraten gefressen, indem er das Gehäuse zerknackte und die Weichteile verschlang. Die Scherben des Gehäuses wurden deshalb zerstreut.
Da es am Grund des "Ölschiefermeeres" kaum Bodenleben gab (Sauerstoffmangel), handelt es sich um Reste, die aus dem oxischen Bereich stammen. Hätte z.B. ein Krebs einen solchen Ammoniten gefressen, so wäre die Schale nicht zerknackt, sondern regelrecht aufgeschnitten. Solche Stücke sind bekannt.

Literatur:

G EYER , G WINNER :
Einführung in the geology of Baden-Württemberg
Hense, Stuttgart
first Ed in 1964

F LEISSNER , R ÖDIGER :
The eternal sea
Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung
Stuttgart 1984

R S UDOLF CHLEGELMILCH :
The Lias ammonites of southern
Gustav Fischer Verlag Stuttgart
1976

oral as well. Information from the Geol-pal. Taxidermist F RITZ L ÖRCHER

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stylolites

(c) Rachaimer
stylolites
lime of Oxford
Ortenberg / Deilingen
collection georolf

stylolites formed by chemical dissolution of the solid limestone by pressure solution. The clay residue solution forms a thin membrane that separates the rock in peg-like structures. Vertikalstylolithen interlocking layers together. In the bevel of the cross section through the jagged stylolites show strong, almost fractal lines, known for its similarity to the cranial sutures (sutures) as Drucksuturen. Beautiful to see this often in the "Jura marble from the one window sills made. G EORG W AGNER has described the formation of the stylolites beautiful.

Literature:

W AGNER , G.: Introduction to Earth and Landscape History 2 with particular reference to southwestern Germany
Ed Öhringen 1950

M URAWSKI , H.: Geology Dictionary
6th erg and ext. Ed Enke Stuttgart 1972

E. Coli Cells Grown In 15n Medium

(c) Rachaimer
oil shale weathered
reservoir Schömberg
Fuji Finepix A 210

The "oil shale "is actually a feinlaminiertes bituminous Tonmergelgestein. Stratigraphisch gehört es zum Toarcium (Lias epsilon).

Es verwittert an der Erdoberfläche über verschiedene Zwischenstadien:

Zuerst wird der an sich recht feste Schiefer durch Oxidation und Hydration aufgelockert. Seine ursprünglich grauschwarze Farbe (durch Kerogen und Pyrit) wird deutlich heller. Er verändert sich zu einem Material, wie auf den Bildern zu sehen ist, das sich wie feuchte Kartonlagen verhält: es biegt sich unter Belastung durch und verliert dabei manchmal die ursprünglich horizontale Lagerung. Die Franzosen bezeichnen solche Schichten, die auch in den Cevennen (z.B. Truc de Balduc) vorkommenden laminierten bituminösen Tonmergel (unteres Toarcium) als "shistes "Carton.
The slate is divided into fine flakes that are used in further weathering by hydration and the formation of new clay minerals transformed into a heavy, rich clay. The resulting clay soils are used mostly to agriculture (eg Dormettingen or suffering rings).

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jet

(c) Rachaimer
jet
Toarcian
Dotternhausen
collection georolf

jet (jet) is a Pechkohlenart which may be incurred under anaerob conditions of driftwood.

In WHILE Liasmeer was the Lower Toarcian (Lias epsilon) driftwood abgelagert, welches vom nahen Festland stammte, und unter Luftabschluss zu Pechkohle (Gagat) umgewandelt. Am Grunde dieses Meeres herrschten anaerobe bis disaerobe Verhältnisse, sodass die organische Substanz nicht mineralisiert wurde, sondern sich in Form von Kohle erhielt, die einen hohen Anteil an flüchtigen Bestandteilen aufweist. Beim Inkohlungsprozess kam es zum Schwund. Die entstehenden Schwundrisse wurden durch helle Mineralien (Calcit, Baryt) verfüllt.
Gagat zeigt im Anschliff ein warmes, leicht bräunliches Schwarz. In England wurde er unter dem Namen Jett zu Schmuck verarbeitet. Die besten Qualitäten kamen aus Wittby in Yorkshire.

Prähistorische Verarbeitung von Gagat ist belegt, in der Bronzezeit wurden Ornaments made from it, and in Roman letters it is mentioned.
made In the Middle Ages it crosses and rosaries. In the Elizabethan and Victorian times Jettschmuck was very popular.

Literature: beyars.com